As recently as 2020 the global wind turbine market was still a two-horse race with the US not out of the running. Today, China produces more than double the turbines built by the US and Europe put together.
Additionally, the cost of sending remittances to Africa remains the highest in the world, which dampens the benefits from migration that accrue to Africa. Remittances are one of the most tangible ways for countries of origin to realize the development benefits of migration. Despite the technological advancements in recent decades, the cost of sending remittances remained at 6.2 percent globally in the second quarter of 2023, more than twice the Sustainable Development Goal target of 3 percent. This is largely due to the fees and foreign exchange margins that migrants and their families must pay in origin and destination countries. SubSaharan Africa was the region with the highest cost of remittances in 2023, at 7.9 percent, whereas South Asia had the lowest cost, at 4.3 percent. Figure 3.3 shows that in 18 of Africa’s 29 core countries and seven of Africa’s nine periphery countries for which data are available, the cost of sending remittances is higher than the global average.
The low rate for South Asia is one of the less discussed successes of India's financial market evolution.
4. France's public debt has risen alarmingly since the GFC.
5. Adam Tooze points to the scale of Friedrich Merz's fiscal stimulus (via TS Lombard).Netflix, a video-streaming service, costs as little as $1.69 a month in India, compared with $7.99 in America. For cloud services with a low marginal cost, this is no great sacrifice. But running AI queries is expensive. Processing costs for typical users currently hover at around $0.07 per million “tokens” (the units of data processed by AI models) and the response to a single query can run to hundreds or thousands of tokens. That expense is the same whether the user is in Bangalore or the Bay Area.
7. This sums up the challenge with making money in India.
While India’s large population offers scale, it is a difficult market to monetise. According to digital market researcher Sensor Tower, Indians led the world in 2024, downloading 24.3bn apps and spending 1.13tn hours on them. However, their spending was not even in the top 20, at less than $1bn.
8. Palestine is rapidly disappearing.
Lately gig work in China has spread to its vaunted manufacturing sector. The regimented proletariat is gradually being replaced by millions of casual workers who fill jobs “on-demand”, flitting from one factory floor to another at the direction of giant recruitment platforms. The jobs often require no skills beyond a knowledge of the Roman alphabet. The workers may stick with them for no more than a few weeks or even days. Researchers put their number at perhaps 40m, a third of China’s manufacturing workforce—and more than three times the size of America’s.One reason for the rise of this gig army is that firms want flexibility. Employers prize the freedom to scale their business up or down, responding to seasonal demand, the vagaries of the market and the shifting winds of geopolitics. Technology has played a role, too. Smartphone apps help match customers’ orders with available delivery drivers; in manufacturing, technology has automated away many tricky tasks that used to need experience. Even as this has created jobs for highly skilled engineers, it has left gaps in assembly, packaging and inspection that any warm body can fill. Flexible employment of all kinds suits many workers. Those who are adept at navigating the platform economy can earn more by job-hopping than they could from a single employer.
This is an important snippet about the gig workers.
The average age of factory gig workers is 26. About 80% are male; 75-80% are single and childless. In manufacturing hubs increasing numbers of young workers sleep in parks and under overpasses.
10. FT reports of failures by subprime auto lender Tricolor Holdings and car parts supplier First Brands Group that raise questions about lending and gatekeeping standards.
Tricolor had won pristine triple-A ratings as it borrowed in credit markets, while First Brands may have amassed as much as $10bn in debt and off-balance sheet financing and was close to raising even more last month... Both companies made use of asset-backed debt, with Tricolor bundling up subprime car loans into bonds and First Brands tapping specialist funds to provide credit against its invoices. At its core, asset-backed finance is the ability to lend against a specific asset or loan, including consumer credit card balances, leases on railcars and solar panels, aircraft and music royalties...
US investment firms have in recent years pushed deeper into asset-backed debt, often pitching it as a safer product than the loans to junk-rated companies that are their bread and butter. But Tricolor is now being probed over fraud allegations by the US Department of Justice, while some investors have long had questions around First Brands’ financial reporting and use of invoice factoring, with lenders now concerned that they lacked visibility about the scale of off-balance sheet financing... Several large banks have also been caught up in the collapse, including JPMorgan Chase and Fifth Third, which are exposed to losses on hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of auto loans. A second investor who has since sold their position in packaged-up Tricolor loans said they had no idea how potential financial irregularities went unnoticed by JPMorgan Chase, one of the banks that underwrote debt offerings.
These kinds of news are now a recurrent staple of financial markets.
11. Michael Moritz comes out all guns blazing at the decision to levy $100,000 fees for H-1B visas.
Every day the Oval Office seems closer to becoming the equivalent of what the sidewalk outside Satriale’s Pork Store used to be for Tony Soprano: a place where a dubious cast of characters spawns brutish extortion schemes and hit jobs... As usual with the Trump administration, the announcement was chaotic and half-baked... Set aside the drama, the announcement demonstrated yet again the fragile grasp the president and his acolytes have about why the US — especially its technology sector — has worked so well. The large tech companies hire foreign nationals because they possess particular skills. They also retain them to perform tasks in areas where the US has labour shortages.
12. New Zealand appoints Anna Bremen, a Swedish economist who has been the first deputy governor of the Sveriges Riksbank since 2019, to head its central bank, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand.
13. Akash Prakash has some striking numbers about the AI boom in equity markets in the US.
The Magnificent Seven (Mag-7) holds a 32 per cent weight in the S&P 500. In January 2023, just after ChatGPT was launched, this number was only 18 per cent. Nvidia, with an 8 per cent weight in the S&P 500, now has the largest single-stock weight in the history of the index. Its current market capitalisation is equivalent to 15 per cent of US gross domestic product... If we look at the top 10 companies in the S&P 500 (basically the Mag-7, Broadcom, Berkshire and JPMorgan), they account for a record 40 per cent share of the index and 25 per cent share of corporate earnings. We have never seen such concentration of company size and earnings... Since January 2021, 55 per cent of the entire gain in the S&P 500 was accounted for by the top 10 stocks... In 2023 and 2024, the Mag-7 saw earnings growth of about 35 per cent within the S&P 500, while earnings for the remaining 493 stocks grew only 3 per cent...The Mag-7 and Oracle account for over 35 per cent of total S&P 500 capex. US hyperscalers (the major tech companies) have doubled their share of private domestic investment since 2023. For these hyperscalers, capex has now crossed 20 per cent of sales, compared with under 10 per cent previously. Even on operating cash flow, they are using over 65 per cent to fund data centre buildouts. To put this in perspective, their capex-to-sales ratio is 20 per cent, and research & development-to-sales is 15 per cent, meaning 35 per cent of sales is being reinvested into growth. Truly unprecedented numbers... At their peak in 2000, telecom companies’ capital expenditure accounted for 0.8 per cent of US gross domestic product. Today, hyperscalers’ capex is already at 1.2 per cent of US gross domestic product (GDP), with the current projection being that this number will cross 1.4 per cent by 2028.
14. Countries that have managed to increase their tax to GDP ratio significantly between 2000 and 2022.
In 1966 — a hinoeuma, or “fire horse”, year under an astrological superstition — the fear of giving birth to a wild, destructive and unmarriageable daughter induced a nationwide collapse in pregnancies... The number of babies born in Japan in 1966 plummeted by 463,000 from the previous year, representing a 25 per cent drop. To reduce opportunity risk, marriages also tumbled by 10 per cent. By the end of 1967, with the threat lifted, births had rebounded by an astounding 42 per cent. On historic charts, the spasmodic V-shape makes 1966 look like a colossal data error... Hinoeuma years, which combine the animals of the Chinese zodiac with 10 celestial signs, come around on a 60-year cycle. The next one is 2026.
16. The Magnificent Seven now make up a third of the US stock market capitalisation.
17. A China Labour Watch (CLW) report has found that more than half the factory staff assembling iPhones at Foxconn's largest factory at Zhengzhou were seasonal staff known as "dispatch workers", despite Chinese law capping their use at 10% of companys workforce.
US-based CLW also found that dispatch workers faced staggered payment schedules that withhold part of their wages to deter them from quitting during peak production. These staff were not entitled to the same benefits as full-time employees, such as paid sick leave, paid holiday and social insurance that includes medical coverage and pension contributions. CLW also claimed that there is systematic discrimination in hiring certain ethnic minorities and pregnant women... Foxconn uses the flexibility afforded by temporary contracts to adjust to fluctuating demand cycles and, in recent years, to respond to Apple’s shifting requirements about where iPhones should be made... Dispatch workers get a base salary of Rmb2,100 per month, the minimum wage in Henan, but the bonuses make their salaries competitive in the manufacturing sector. These bonuses are typically paid out after three to four months to ensure retention. Many workers preferred the flexibility of short-term contracts and higher hourly wages. However, many said that they had to work a lot of overtime to bolster their hourly wages, which can be as low as Rmb12 for some workers, but range between Rmb25 and Rmb28 for most, depending on experience levels and hiring cycles. CLW found that many staff work 60 hours per week and others up to 75 hours.
18. Stunning graphic that shows the scale of Nvidia stock's performance.